ABSTRACT
Characterization of surface soil (0-20cm) for fertility status was studied by taking 28 representative samples from Bijapur district. Study revealed that soils are sandy loam to clay loam in texture. The available nitrogen content varied from 295,5 to 405 kg/acre. The data available indicates low phosphorus (120 to 477kg/acre). Potassium status was medium (109.96kg) to high of (471 kg/acre) with high index value and high fertility rating. In India, current fertilizer recommendations are very old and developed based on agroclimatic zones, current agro-climate zone and suitability of current fertilizer recommendations. Sugarcane in Bijapur district was studied as a test crop. The results indicate that, agroclimatic zone vary widely in soil and in their potentials, behavior and response to the management. It was also observed that fertilizer application efficiency varied which contributed to errors of both excess and insufficient application. All these suggest that soil based fertilizer recommendations should be preferred to achieve precision in farming and to minimize crop production, maintain soil health and minimize fertilizer misapplication.
ABSTRACT
The paper evaluates and summarizes the results of the pollution of surface waters (lakes) of Bijapur by pesticides. Pesticide classes mostly detected involve herbicides used extensively in cotton, vegetables and grape production, organophosphorus insecticides as well as organochlorines due to their persistence in aquatic environment. The compounds most frequently detected were Endosulphan, 4- bromro-2-chlorphenol, Captan, Chloripyrifosethyl, Fipronil, Oxyfluorfenand monochrotophos respectively. . Nationwide, in many cases the reported concentrations ranged in low levels. However, elevated concentrations were recorded in areas of high pesticide use and intense agricultural practices. Generally, similar trends and levels of pesticides were found in Bijapur lakes. Monitoring of the Bijapur water resources for pesticide residues must continue, especially in agricultural regions, because the nationwide patterns of pesticide use are constantly changing. All these were present above the permissible limits specified by the European Economic Community (EEC), which is the norm used all over the Europe. Moreover emphasis should be placed on degradation products not sufficiently studied so far. Information on pesticide pollution of surface waters in Bijapur is reported.
ABSTRACT
Fruit samples of grapes were analyzed for pesticide residues, employing multi-residue analysis by gas- liquid chromatography-mass spectrography (GC-MS/ LCMS/ MS). All the fruit samples showed the presence of pesticide residues with one or other group of pesticides. Some of the grape samples contain more than the minimum residue limit. The increasing interest in the study of pesticides in grapes is justified from an enological point of view, since some pesticides can interfere with fermentative microflora used in wine production, as well as affect consumer safety. There were no significant differences between some pesticide levels found in the whole grape (skin and pulp) and in the grape skin. Chlorpyriphos, captan, dichlorovos, oxyfluorfen, fipronoil, 4- bromo-2-chlorophenol and indoxycarb were detected. Nevertheless, consumer intake of pesticides from grapes studied in this work should be decreased as a result of water washing of the grapes. In this paper, multiresidue determination of pesticides using GCMS/ LC-MS/MS are discussed